a. socialists
The socialists wanted to create a classless society that would end the suffering of the working class. They wanted to destroy the capitalist economy by taking the businesses from their owners, and giving them to the government.
b. liberal reformers
b. liberal reformers
The liberal reformers believed that if they could place western constitutional practices and law in Russia, then it would solve their problems and fix what had happened in the past.
2. List three characteristics of serfs' lives.
1) Smerfs were the lowest of the low in Russian society. Because of this, they had to pay the landlord for their homes. They payed the landlord in either money, produce, or labor. They worked the land communally and used the same farming techniques form generations before.
2)They often lived in small, dark homes, which they had to share with chickens and other barnyard animals.
3) The head of the household had control over all belongings. The needs of the communal family came before the needs of the individuals.
2. List three characteristics of serfs' lives.
1) Smerfs were the lowest of the low in Russian society. Because of this, they had to pay the landlord for their homes. They payed the landlord in either money, produce, or labor. They worked the land communally and used the same farming techniques form generations before.
2)They often lived in small, dark homes, which they had to share with chickens and other barnyard animals.
3) The head of the household had control over all belongings. The needs of the communal family came before the needs of the individuals.
3. List four reforms of Tsar Alexander II.
1) The Tsar eliminated serfdom. The serfs were now freed and land transference was allowed.
2) The Tsar introduced jury trials, like the ones seen in the west. He also relaxed censorship laws.
3) He created locally elected government officials.
1) The Tsar eliminated serfdom. The serfs were now freed and land transference was allowed.
2) The Tsar introduced jury trials, like the ones seen in the west. He also relaxed censorship laws.
3) He created locally elected government officials.
4. Why did the populists go "to the people" in 1873-1874?
The populists went "to the people" because they felt that the peasants would be the ones to support them in their ideas for social revolution. They also wanted to establish a connection with the poverty-stricken peasants. They felt that they could convince the people to join their movement.
5. List two consequences of the famine of 1891.
1) Over half a million people died because of the famine.
2) Many communities hosted small- scale revolts and revolutions.
6. Why was Karl Marx important to Russian intellectuals?
6. Why was Karl Marx important to Russian intellectuals?
Karl Marx was important to Russian intellectuals because he was the one who explained the idea of a classless, communistic society. They thought that this idea for a society would greatly benefit the problems that they were having in Russia at that time.
7. What were the Goals and Methods of the following political groups in early twentieth century Russia? (see page 8 of the reading)
7. What were the Goals and Methods of the following political groups in early twentieth century Russia? (see page 8 of the reading)
a. Liberal Democrats
The liberal democrats thought that western Europe provided a great example of how a government should be run. They thought that individual liberties were very important, and that the government is there to protect the rights of the citizens.
b. Socialist Revolutionaries
The Socialist Revolutionaries (SR) were the most radical of the socialist groups. Their forefathers were the People's Will, who had assainated the Tsar 20 years prior. They were a party of intellectuals pioneering for what they saw as the people's cause. They had two main goals. The SR wanted to socialize all land and redistribute in into communes, and transform the then monarchical government into a democratic republic. The SRs turned to violence, and assainated the Tsar's minster of the interior. Other assassinations followed.
c. Social Democrats
The Social Democrats were also radicals, but they instead turned to Marxism. They believed that if Russia became more industrialistic, then it would provide better grounds for socialism- focusing on the working class instead of the peasants. The SDs called for a revolution to build a stringer sense of consciousnesses among the working class. The next year the SDs split into two groups, the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks.
8. How did Bloody Sunday change people's attitudes toward the Tsar?
People had peacefully gathered in the Tsar's winter Palace to air their grievances with the Tsar. The Tsar sent out his guard, and by the end of the day, more than two-hundred people lay dead. People no longer saw the Tsar as the benevolent protector as they once had.
b. Socialist Revolutionaries
The Socialist Revolutionaries (SR) were the most radical of the socialist groups. Their forefathers were the People's Will, who had assainated the Tsar 20 years prior. They were a party of intellectuals pioneering for what they saw as the people's cause. They had two main goals. The SR wanted to socialize all land and redistribute in into communes, and transform the then monarchical government into a democratic republic. The SRs turned to violence, and assainated the Tsar's minster of the interior. Other assassinations followed.
c. Social Democrats
The Social Democrats were also radicals, but they instead turned to Marxism. They believed that if Russia became more industrialistic, then it would provide better grounds for socialism- focusing on the working class instead of the peasants. The SDs called for a revolution to build a stringer sense of consciousnesses among the working class. The next year the SDs split into two groups, the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks.
8. How did Bloody Sunday change people's attitudes toward the Tsar?
People had peacefully gathered in the Tsar's winter Palace to air their grievances with the Tsar. The Tsar sent out his guard, and by the end of the day, more than two-hundred people lay dead. People no longer saw the Tsar as the benevolent protector as they once had.
9. List four reforms in Tsar Nicholas's October Manifesto.
1) expansion of civil liberties
2) a limited monarchy
3) a legislature elected by universal suffrage
4) the legalization of trade unions and political parties
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